ABSTRACT
In 1992 surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases was introduced in Malaysia along with the establishment of a national referral laboratory at the Institute for Medical Research. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, viral etiology and clinical picture of AFP cases below 15 years of age, reported from 2002 to 2007. Six hundred seventy-eight of 688 reported cases were confirmed as AFP by expert review. The clinical presentation of acute flaccid paralysis in these cases was diverse, the most commonly reported being Guillian-Barre syndrome (32.3%). Sixty-nine viruses were isolated in this study. They were Sabin poliovirus (25), Echovirus (22), Cocksackie B (11), EV71 (5), Cocksackie A (1), and untypable (5). Malaysia has been confirmed as free from wild polio since the surveillance was established.
Subject(s)
Acute Disease , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Malaysia/epidemiology , Paraplegia/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/complications , Sentinel Surveillance , Virus Diseases/complicationsABSTRACT
The evaluation of the contribution of neurological dengue in suspected central nervous system (CNS) viral infections is essential to better understand the impact of neurological dengue on morbidity and mortality in dengue endemic regions such as Jamaica. For this study, 401 cases of suspected viral CNS infections were investigated for evidence of dengue infection. The frequency of neurological dengue among these CNS cases was found to be 13.5% (54/401). Fifty-three cases were confirmed serologically by haemagglutination inhibition assay (HI) and IgM antibody (ELISA) and the virus was isolated in one case only. Clinical manifestations among dengue positive CNS cases included encephalitis in 51.8% (28/54), meningitis in 33.3% (18/54), seizures in 11.1% (6/54) and acute flaccid paralysis/Guillain-Barré syndrome in 3.7% (2/54). The clinical diagnosis of dengue neurological infection corresponded with laboratory confirmation in 22.2% (12/54) of cases only. Deaths occurred in 3.7% (2/54) of cases and were associated with patients with dengue neurological infection. The high risk of dengue among patients with suspected viral CNS infections in this study supports the need for an increased index of suspicion of dengue in patients presenting with neurological manifestations in dengue endemic countries.
La evaluación de la contribución del dengue neurológico en las infecciones virales sospechadas del sistema nervioso central (SNC) resulta esencial para un mejor entendimiento del impacto del dengue neurológico en la morbilidad y mortalidad en regiones donde el dengue es endémico tales como Jamaica. Para este estudio 401 casos de infecciones virales sospechadas del SNC fueron investigados en busca de evidencia de infección por dengue. Se haló entonces que la frecuencia del dengue neurológico entre estos casos de SNC, fue de 13.5% (54/401). Cincuenta y tres casos fueron confirmados por serología mediante ensayos de inhibición de hemaglutinación (IH) y ELISA para la detección de anticuerpos IgM, siendo el virus aislado sólo en un caso. Las manifestaciones clínicas entre los casos que resultaron positivos al dengue, incluyeron encefalitis en 51.8 % (28/54), meningitis en 33.3% (18/54), convulsiones en 11.1% (6/54) y parálisis facial aguda/síndrome Barré Guillain en 3.7% (2/54). El diagnóstico clínico de infección neurológica por dengue estuvo en correspondencia con la confirmación del laboratorio sólo en el 22.2% (12/ 54) de los casos. Se produjeron muertes en el 3.7% (2/54) de los casos, las cuales estuvieron asociadas con pacientes con infección neurológica por dengue. El alto riesgo de dengue entre los pacientes con sospecha de infecciones virales de SNC en este estudio, apunta a la necesidad de aumentar el índice de sospecha de dengue en pacientes que se presentan con manifestaciones neurológicas en países donde el dengue es endémico.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Dengue/complications , Dengue/epidemiology , Dengue/physiopathology , Encephalitis/epidemiology , Encephalitis/etiology , Encephalitis/virology , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/epidemiology , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/etiology , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/virology , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Jamaica/epidemiology , Meningitis/epidemiology , Meningitis/etiology , Meningitis/virology , Paraplegia/epidemiology , Paraplegia/etiology , Paraplegia/virology , Risk Factors , Seizures/epidemiology , Seizures/etiology , Seizures/virologyABSTRACT
The Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia, was designated the National Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis Eradication (NRLPE) in 1992. Since then, our Polio Laboratory has collaborated actively with the Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia and WHO towards achieving polio eradication. Since 1992, the NRLPE has investigated 1,063 stool specimens from 641 acute flaccidparalysis (AFP) cases. One hundred and one enteroviruses were isolated from these specimens. Positive cell cultures were confirmed by microneutralization assay using standard WHO antisera. All enterovirus isolates were sent to the Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory in Melbourne, Australia, for further identification and poliovirus intratypic differentiation. Thirty-one out of these 101 virus isolates (30%) were polioviruses (PV) and the remaining 70 (70%) were non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) which included coxsackie B viruses, echoviruses and enterovirus 71. Three of the poliovirus isolates were wild-type polioviruses isolated in 1992 which were the last wild-type polioviruses isolated in Malaysia. The rest were vaccine-related Sabin-like strains. Monthly reports of the virological investigation of AFP cases are sent to WHO and to the MOH, AFP control committee. The NRLPE continues to play an integral role in AFP surveillance and is committed to the WHO's goal of global polio eradication by the year 2005.
Subject(s)
Acute Disease , Communicable Disease Control , Enterovirus/isolation & purification , Humans , Immunization Programs , Incidence , Malaysia/epidemiology , Paraplegia/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Poliovirus/isolation & purification , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/administration & dosage , Population Surveillance , Program Evaluation , World Health OrganizationSubject(s)
Adult , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Paraplegia/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , alpha-Fetoproteins/analysisABSTRACT
Os autores apresentam dados sobre as principais causas de lesoes traumaticas da coluna vertebral, em particular aquelas que provoquem tetraplegia ou paraplegia em virtude da lesao medular associada. Entre as causas mais frequentes sao observados os acidentes de transito, os ferimentos por arma de fogo, as quedas e os acidentes por mergulho. Salientam que o mais evitavel destas causas e o acidente por mergulho, sendo apresentado o material da campanha de prevencao deste tipo de lesao que vem sendo desenvolvida pelo Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo